Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Part - 12 | Class 11th

·       · sp² Hybridisation: In this hybridization there is involvement of one s and two p-orbitals in order to form three equivalent sp² hybridised orbitals. Each sp² hybrid orbitals has 33.33% s-character and 66.66 % p-character. Such a molecule in which the central atom is sp² hybridised and linked directly to three other central atoms possesses trigonal planar geometry. For example

i)                Formation of BCl₃ molecule:

                                                      

ii)                Formation of C₂H₄:

·       sp³ Hybridisation: In this type of hybridisation there is mixing of one s-orbital and three p-orbitals of the valence shell to form four sp³ hybrid orbitals of equivalent energies and shape. There is 25% s-character and 75% p character in each sp³ hybrid orbital. The four sp³ hybrid orbitals so formed are directed towards the four corners of the tetrahedron. For Example:

            i). Formation of Methane (CH₄): In CH₄, the central atom C has the electronic configuration ₆C – 1s²2s²2p².

ii). Formation of Ammonia (NH₃) Molecule: In NH₃, the central atom N has the electronic configuration 1s²2s²2p³.